University of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to earthquake crises (Case study: Varzeqan city neighborhoods)Assessing the vulnerability of urban areas to earthquake crises (Case study: Varzeqan city neighborhoods)124663410.22111/jneh.2022.33931.1656FAManijehLalepourAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Maragheh, IranMansourKirizadehPhD in Geomorphology, Teacher, University of Maragheh, IranMortezaZakeriM. A., University of Maragheh, IranJournal Article20200412The risk of an earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to them, so be prepared to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them to reduce the damage. It is affected by earthquakes. In this regard, the present study examined the physical vulnerability of the neighborhoods of Varzeqan city concerning the 14 indicators affecting the vulnerability to earthquakes. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done using spatial layers related to the mentioned indicators. To analyze and overlap the layers, the MAP ALGEBRA (RASTER CALCULATOR) method has been used in the GIS software environment. ANP method was used to weigh the layers. The results showed that a significant percentage of the city of Varzeqan is located in high and very high vulnerability classes. Even more than 70 percent of neighborhoods, such as Boubl Cheshmehsi, are in a highly vulnerable class. Considering the seismic vulnerability zoning of the city and the distribution of vulnerable classes in the city neighborhoods, it can be concluded that the whole area of Varzeqan city is more vulnerable to the occurrence of earthquakes. In neighborhoods with low and very low vulnerability classes, a significant area of the city, barren land uses, open spaces, agriculture, and green spaces occupy a significant percentage of the neighborhood space, and as a result, They have low earthquake resistance.The risk of an earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to them, so be prepared to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerabilities and addressing them to reduce the damage. It is affected by earthquakes. In this regard, the present study examined the physical vulnerability of the neighborhoods of Varzeqan city concerning the 14 indicators affecting the vulnerability to earthquakes. The research method is descriptive-analytical, which has been done using spatial layers related to the mentioned indicators. To analyze and overlap the layers, the MAP ALGEBRA (RASTER CALCULATOR) method has been used in the GIS software environment. ANP method was used to weigh the layers. The results showed that a significant percentage of the city of Varzeqan is located in high and very high vulnerability classes. Even more than 70 percent of neighborhoods, such as Boubl Cheshmehsi, are in a highly vulnerable class. Considering the seismic vulnerability zoning of the city and the distribution of vulnerable classes in the city neighborhoods, it can be concluded that the whole area of Varzeqan city is more vulnerable to the occurrence of earthquakes. In neighborhoods with low and very low vulnerability classes, a significant area of the city, barren land uses, open spaces, agriculture, and green spaces occupy a significant percentage of the neighborhood space, and as a result, They have low earthquake resistance.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6634_5512be452d46cb213d0e38a4759beff3.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Surface subsidence monitoring with radar interference technique (study area: Meshgin plain)Surface subsidence monitoring with radar interference technique (study area: Meshgin plain)2548665910.22111/jneh.2022.35138.1687FAHosseinNazmfarProfessor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili IranMonir,Shirzad KhrjanPhD student in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IranJournal Article20200723Land subsidence is a phenomenon that has been on the rise in recent decades in most countries around the world, especially in third world countries such as Iran. in Iran, most land subsidence is related to agriculture and the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater. This phenomenon can cause irreparable damage to the affected areas if not properly managed. Identifying subsidence areas and estimating its rate will certainly play a significant role in managing the control of this phenomenon. One of the best ways to detect a subsidence phenomenon is to use a radar differential interference technique. Meshgin plain is one of the most important plains in Ardabil province in terms of agricultural development, which in recent years has faced the phenomenon of land subsidence due to uncontrolled extraction of groundwater resources. Data collected by piezometric wells at the plain level show an average drop in static level over a 14-year period of 23.75 meters. The consequences of this drop in groundwater levels have led to subsidence and cracks and crevices in parts of the plain. Declining water level and subsequent increase in effective stress is the main reason for the subsidence of the Meshgin plain. In this study, in order to determine the affected area and finally estimate the amount of subsidence, radar interference method was used as a reliable method to measure land surface changes with very high accuracy, wide coverage and high spatial resolution. The maximum subsidence rate was calculated using the radar images of the Sentinel 1 satellite in the period from 2019/08 to2020/04 – 9.35cm. From the results of radar interference, it was determined that the subsidence extends from southeast to southwest of the plain.Land subsidence is a phenomenon that has been on the rise in recent decades in most countries around the world, especially in third world countries such as Iran. in Iran, most land subsidence is related to agriculture and the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater. This phenomenon can cause irreparable damage to the affected areas if not properly managed. Identifying subsidence areas and estimating its rate will certainly play a significant role in managing the control of this phenomenon. One of the best ways to detect a subsidence phenomenon is to use a radar differential interference technique. Meshgin plain is one of the most important plains in Ardabil province in terms of agricultural development, which in recent years has faced the phenomenon of land subsidence due to uncontrolled extraction of groundwater resources. Data collected by piezometric wells at the plain level show an average drop in static level over a 14-year period of 23.75 meters. The consequences of this drop in groundwater levels have led to subsidence and cracks and crevices in parts of the plain. Declining water level and subsequent increase in effective stress is the main reason for the subsidence of the Meshgin plain. In this study, in order to determine the affected area and finally estimate the amount of subsidence, radar interference method was used as a reliable method to measure land surface changes with very high accuracy, wide coverage and high spatial resolution. The maximum subsidence rate was calculated using the radar images of the Sentinel 1 satellite in the period from 2019/08 to2020/04 – 9.35cm. From the results of radar interference, it was determined that the subsidence extends from southeast to southwest of the plain.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6659_22a93cf9b6fd15c9e24c815375f9aaa1.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Simulation of the effect of hail damage on vineyards in Jajarm city, North KhorasanSimulation of the effect of hail damage on vineyards in Jajarm city, North Khorasan4964610510.22111/jneh.2021.35506.1696FAGhorbanSaberPhD Student of Climatology, Environmental Hazards, Research Institute of grapes and raisins, Malayer University, Malayer, IranAlirezaIldormiAssociate Professor, Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, IranSaeedBazgeerAssistant Professor, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAhmadErshadiAssociate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina (Avicenna), Hamedan, IranHamidNouriAssociate Professor, Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, IranJournal Article20201002Every year, a large amount of horticultural and agricultural products are destroyed due to the destructive phenomenon of hail. In this study, the effect of hail damage on quantitative and qualitative traits of three commercial grape cultivars in four different levels of aerial part destruction as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks in two replications during two years (2016 and 2017) in one of the vineyards of Garmek village,Jajarm city of North Khorasan province has been studied on 8-year-old grape plants with similar management conditions. For this purpose, grape cultivars were as the main plot treatments and simulated hail stress at five levels,including control (without stress), 25, 50, 75 and 100% defoliation were as sub plot treatments. Plant yield,bunch number, length and width of bunch, weight of bunches and berries,pH ,percentage of sugar and the taste index of the treated and control plants were determined.The results showed that defoliation due to hail reduced the yield of plants as compared to control plants and minimum yield was observed in 100percentdefoliationtreatment. Decreasing plant yield was mainly due to the decrease in the number of bunches per plant and the weight of a single bunch was not significantly affected by defoliation except in 100% treatment.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the size and weight of berries in the control treatment with 25, 50 and 75% hail defoliation and it seems that thinning and reduction in yield and number of bunches has maintained the size of berries in plants affected by defoliation. The results revealed that the increase in fruit quality due to decrease in the amount of defoliation treatment with intensity of 25 and 50% has caused a slight increase in sugar content, pH and consequently fruit flavor index due to reduced yield per plant.Every year, a large amount of horticultural and agricultural products are destroyed due to the destructive phenomenon of hail. In this study, the effect of hail damage on quantitative and qualitative traits of three commercial grape cultivars in four different levels of aerial part destruction as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks in two replications during two years (2016 and 2017) in one of the vineyards of Garmek village,Jajarm city of North Khorasan province has been studied on 8-year-old grape plants with similar management conditions. For this purpose, grape cultivars were as the main plot treatments and simulated hail stress at five levels,including control (without stress), 25, 50, 75 and 100% defoliation were as sub plot treatments. Plant yield,bunch number, length and width of bunch, weight of bunches and berries,pH ,percentage of sugar and the taste index of the treated and control plants were determined.The results showed that defoliation due to hail reduced the yield of plants as compared to control plants and minimum yield was observed in 100percentdefoliationtreatment. Decreasing plant yield was mainly due to the decrease in the number of bunches per plant and the weight of a single bunch was not significantly affected by defoliation except in 100% treatment.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the size and weight of berries in the control treatment with 25, 50 and 75% hail defoliation and it seems that thinning and reduction in yield and number of bunches has maintained the size of berries in plants affected by defoliation. The results revealed that the increase in fruit quality due to decrease in the amount of defoliation treatment with intensity of 25 and 50% has caused a slight increase in sugar content, pH and consequently fruit flavor index due to reduced yield per plant.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6105_296c11b5cfe199c76910c00553314c7c.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Effect of salt dust caused by drying of Lake Urmia on three strategic crops of AzerbaijanEffect of salt dust caused by drying of Lake Urmia on three strategic crops of Azerbaijan6584591710.22111/jneh.2021.35623.1697FAZohreRahimi-GarachepegMSc of plant physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of basic sciences, Azarbaijan shahid madani university, Tabriz, IranLeilaZarandi-MiandoabAssistant Professor of plant physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of basic sciences, Azarbaijan shahid madani university, Tabriz, IranNaderChaparzadehProfessor of plant physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan shahid madani university, Tabriz, IranJournal Article20200904The dust is one of the natural hazards of arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. When this problem coincides with the drying up of the largest salt lake in the Middle East (Lake Urmia), the occurrence of a salt dust storm will be inevitable, which will have profound effects on human communities, animals and plants. On the other hand, agriculture and the growth of crops are also strongly affected by dust deposition on the leaf surface. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of dust on growth and some physiological characteristics of three important crops in Azerbaijan, namely wheat C3 monocot (Triticum aestivum L.), corn C4 monocot (Zea mays L.) and chickpea C3 dicot (Cicer arietinum L.), a completely random experiment designed with three replications. Treatments included two levels of dust (zero and 10 grams of dust per m2), Application of dust for 3 days had no significant effect on wheat growth. Maize responded to this environmental pollution by increasing growth and chickpeas by decreasing growth. The content of photosynthetic pigments decreased in chickpea leaves, increased in wheat and remained constant in corn. Dust increased the sugar content of corn and peas. Also, exposure to dust had little effect on the total protein content of wheat and corn, while the protein content of chickpeas showed a significant and clear decrease. Changes in the various parameters of the studied plant species can be considered as an adaptation to protect plants against dust stress. Corn and wheat seem to be more resilient, but chickpeas are stunted. Selecting a suitable crop species for cultivation in areas that receive a large amount of salty dust annually can be one of the important strategies to reduce the adverse effects of dust on the agricultural economy.The dust is one of the natural hazards of arid and semi-arid regions, including Iran. When this problem coincides with the drying up of the largest salt lake in the Middle East (Lake Urmia), the occurrence of a salt dust storm will be inevitable, which will have profound effects on human communities, animals and plants. On the other hand, agriculture and the growth of crops are also strongly affected by dust deposition on the leaf surface. Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of dust on growth and some physiological characteristics of three important crops in Azerbaijan, namely wheat C3 monocot (Triticum aestivum L.), corn C4 monocot (Zea mays L.) and chickpea C3 dicot (Cicer arietinum L.), a completely random experiment designed with three replications. Treatments included two levels of dust (zero and 10 grams of dust per m2), Application of dust for 3 days had no significant effect on wheat growth. Maize responded to this environmental pollution by increasing growth and chickpeas by decreasing growth. The content of photosynthetic pigments decreased in chickpea leaves, increased in wheat and remained constant in corn. Dust increased the sugar content of corn and peas. Also, exposure to dust had little effect on the total protein content of wheat and corn, while the protein content of chickpeas showed a significant and clear decrease. Changes in the various parameters of the studied plant species can be considered as an adaptation to protect plants against dust stress. Corn and wheat seem to be more resilient, but chickpeas are stunted. Selecting a suitable crop species for cultivation in areas that receive a large amount of salty dust annually can be one of the important strategies to reduce the adverse effects of dust on the agricultural economy.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_5917_9b7cfa192dc7f53398c5edae5a7be841.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Evaluation of drought in the Gharasou basin using meteorological, hydrological, and remote sensing indicesEvaluation of drought in the Gharasou basin using meteorological, hydrological, and remote sensing indices85106620810.22111/jneh.2021.36028.1708FABatoolZeynaliAssociate Professor of Climatology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardabil, IranMojtabaFaridpourPH. D in Climatology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardabil, IranJournal Article20201007The purpose of this study is to investigate drought using meteorological, hydrological, and remote sensing indicators in the Gharasou basin located in Ardabil province with an area of 495 square kilometers. Therefore, to calculate the SPI index was used monthly rainfall values related to 22 rainfall stations (1985-2015) and to calculate the SDI index, the monthly discharge values of 14 hydrometric stations (1985-2015). Then, SPI and SDI indices were compared with each other on a time scale of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, as well as seasonal and half a year. To study vegetation drought and calculate NDVI and VCI indices, were used MODIS images, with a spatial resolution of 500 meters for 15 years (2000-2015). The results of the meteorological drought time series in Gharasou showed that the drought occurred comprehensively in the years (2001-2000, 2006-2005, 2008-2007, and 2014-2013). So that the most affected areas of drought were related to the northern and northeastern of the basin (Namin and Abarkooh). The results showed that meteorological drought has been more persistent in recent years and has been significantly correlated with hydrological drought with a delay of 1 to 3 months. NDVI and VCI indices showed that in identifying drought periods, these indices are consistent with meteorological drought, but are different correlation values. Finally, the comparison of NDVI and VCI indices with the SPI index showed that the VCI index with a value of r = 0.44 has the highest correlation with the SPI index. However, the correlation between NDVI and SPI indices is r = 0.38. The results of the VCI index showed that in drought conditions, only in the east of the basin and in the areas around Sabalan mountain, favorable vegetation conditions are observed, but in other areas of the basin, moderate and weak drought has occurred.The purpose of this study is to investigate drought using meteorological, hydrological, and remote sensing indicators in the Gharasou basin located in Ardabil province with an area of 495 square kilometers. Therefore, to calculate the SPI index was used monthly rainfall values related to 22 rainfall stations (1985-2015) and to calculate the SDI index, the monthly discharge values of 14 hydrometric stations (1985-2015). Then, SPI and SDI indices were compared with each other on a time scale of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, as well as seasonal and half a year. To study vegetation drought and calculate NDVI and VCI indices, were used MODIS images, with a spatial resolution of 500 meters for 15 years (2000-2015). The results of the meteorological drought time series in Gharasou showed that the drought occurred comprehensively in the years (2001-2000, 2006-2005, 2008-2007, and 2014-2013). So that the most affected areas of drought were related to the northern and northeastern of the basin (Namin and Abarkooh). The results showed that meteorological drought has been more persistent in recent years and has been significantly correlated with hydrological drought with a delay of 1 to 3 months. NDVI and VCI indices showed that in identifying drought periods, these indices are consistent with meteorological drought, but are different correlation values. Finally, the comparison of NDVI and VCI indices with the SPI index showed that the VCI index with a value of r = 0.44 has the highest correlation with the SPI index. However, the correlation between NDVI and SPI indices is r = 0.38. The results of the VCI index showed that in drought conditions, only in the east of the basin and in the areas around Sabalan mountain, favorable vegetation conditions are observed, but in other areas of the basin, moderate and weak drought has occurred.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6208_7e2fcac75d04149fc00c75361454cbb4.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Climate Change Assessment in the basin of Hamoon International Wetlands Using LARS-WG6 ModelClimate Change Assessment in the basin of Hamoon International Wetlands Using LARS-WG6 Model107122594810.22111/jneh.2021.36069.1710FARoghayeKaramiPhD Student of Environment, Faculty of Fisheies & Envirnment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.HassanRezaeiAssistant Professor of Environment, Faculty of Fisheies & Envirnment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, IranAbdolrassoulSalman MahiniProfessor of Environment, Faculty of Fisheies & Envirnment, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.KhalilGhorbaniAssociate Professor of Water Resources, Faculty of Water Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.Journal Article20201010The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of climatic variables in the basin of Hamoun International Wetlands using different general circulation models of LARS-WG6 downscaling method, under emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during 2040-2021, 2060-2041 and 2080-2061 based on observed parameters in Zabol Synoptic gauge in 2019-1983. Accuracy analyzing indicated a high correlation between simulated and observed data. The results of downscaling showed that the mean minimum and maximum temperatures will increase in all months under two scenarios in all models during 2021-2080. The upward trend will be more severe in the period 2061-2080 compared to previous periods. The maximum and minimum increase in the mean minimum and maximum monthly temperatures are predicted in HadGEM2-EC model, RCP8.5 scenarios and MPI-ESM-MR model, RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively. During 2080-2021, the range of monthly maximum temperature changes in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios will be 0.29-2.85 and 0.54-5.80 degrees Celsius, respectively, and the range of monthly minimum temperature changes will be 0.18 -5.51 and 0.61-5.38 degree Celsius respectively. The average monthly rainfall is projected to fluctuate in different models and scenarios. The average monthly precipitation changes under different models and scenarios will be between -3.68-6.6 mm. The highest increase in the average monthly rainfall will happen in March based on HadGEM2-EC model in the RCP4.5 scenarios by 8.6 mm in 2060-2041. The highest decrease in the average monthly rainfall is predicted in January by the MIROC5 model in the RCP4.5 scenarios by 3.68 mm in 2080-2061.The results of this study can be useful for natural resources managers in setting up climate-adoptive livelihood strategies and agricultural practices.The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of climatic variables in the basin of Hamoun International Wetlands using different general circulation models of LARS-WG6 downscaling method, under emission scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 during 2040-2021, 2060-2041 and 2080-2061 based on observed parameters in Zabol Synoptic gauge in 2019-1983. Accuracy analyzing indicated a high correlation between simulated and observed data. The results of downscaling showed that the mean minimum and maximum temperatures will increase in all months under two scenarios in all models during 2021-2080. The upward trend will be more severe in the period 2061-2080 compared to previous periods. The maximum and minimum increase in the mean minimum and maximum monthly temperatures are predicted in HadGEM2-EC model, RCP8.5 scenarios and MPI-ESM-MR model, RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively. During 2080-2021, the range of monthly maximum temperature changes in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios will be 0.29-2.85 and 0.54-5.80 degrees Celsius, respectively, and the range of monthly minimum temperature changes will be 0.18 -5.51 and 0.61-5.38 degree Celsius respectively. The average monthly rainfall is projected to fluctuate in different models and scenarios. The average monthly precipitation changes under different models and scenarios will be between -3.68-6.6 mm. The highest increase in the average monthly rainfall will happen in March based on HadGEM2-EC model in the RCP4.5 scenarios by 8.6 mm in 2060-2041. The highest decrease in the average monthly rainfall is predicted in January by the MIROC5 model in the RCP4.5 scenarios by 3.68 mm in 2080-2061.The results of this study can be useful for natural resources managers in setting up climate-adoptive livelihood strategies and agricultural practices.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_5948_a48439cd1f939568dcf1da4812a7da7d.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Evaluation of the trend of temperature changes and cloud water fraction in Iran using time series data from SEVIRI sensor productsEvaluation of the trend of temperature changes and cloud water fraction in Iran using time series data from SEVIRI sensor products123136637010.22111/jneh.2021.36107.1711FAHashemRostamzadehAssistant Professor of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Iran.Ali MohammadKhorshiddoustProfessor of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Iran.Mohammad RezaAzizzadehPhd Student of Climatology, University of Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20201013The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of temporal and spatial changes in cloud temperature and cloud water fraction in Iran. To achieve this goal, MSG SEVIRI satellite products have been used for the period 2004 to 2017. First, the studied data was set in a regular geographical network with dimensions of 290×380. Then the cloud properties were extracted separately for each month and finally, the time changes of the cloud properties were modeled. To accurately assess the changes in variables, Iran was spatially defined into four separate regions. Based on statistical methods, the trend of time changes was examined through the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s Slope to reveal the existence of a trend. The results of calculations of indicators showed that water fraction and cloud temperature in Iran, except in May and September, was upward. The highest significant value in the cloud water fraction variable can be seen in June in southern Iran and the lowest in May. Percentage study of the trend showed that the highest significant amount of cloud temperature in June in southern Iran was the lowest in the month. According to the calculations, the lowest amount of cloud water fraction in Iran is located to the north of the country with 25% and the highest amount is located to the west of Iran with 41.6%. Also, concerning high cloud temperatures, southern Iran with 58.3% has the highest amount, and eastern Iran with 25% upward data. The maximum significant percentage of series in the cloud temperature trend in western Iran was 70.83% and the minimum in the south was 45.83%.The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of temporal and spatial changes in cloud temperature and cloud water fraction in Iran. To achieve this goal, MSG SEVIRI satellite products have been used for the period 2004 to 2017. First, the studied data was set in a regular geographical network with dimensions of 290×380. Then the cloud properties were extracted separately for each month and finally, the time changes of the cloud properties were modeled. To accurately assess the changes in variables, Iran was spatially defined into four separate regions. Based on statistical methods, the trend of time changes was examined through the Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s Slope to reveal the existence of a trend. The results of calculations of indicators showed that water fraction and cloud temperature in Iran, except in May and September, was upward. The highest significant value in the cloud water fraction variable can be seen in June in southern Iran and the lowest in May. Percentage study of the trend showed that the highest significant amount of cloud temperature in June in southern Iran was the lowest in the month. According to the calculations, the lowest amount of cloud water fraction in Iran is located to the north of the country with 25% and the highest amount is located to the west of Iran with 41.6%. Also, concerning high cloud temperatures, southern Iran with 58.3% has the highest amount, and eastern Iran with 25% upward data. The maximum significant percentage of series in the cloud temperature trend in western Iran was 70.83% and the minimum in the south was 45.83%.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6370_ff04141e74e0e292b16bf238b57c7195.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Flood hazard mapping using the CCHE2D numerical model in the Hable-rud River-a reach located downstream of Bone-Kuh VillageFlood hazard mapping using the CCHE2D numerical model in the Hable-rud River-a reach located downstream of Bone-Kuh Village137152639110.22111/jneh.2021.35687.1717FASaeedPoorzamanPhD student in Watershed Management Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.AmirSadoddinAssociate Professor, Faculty of Range and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Iran.AbdolrezaBahremandAssociate Professor, Faculty of Range and Watershed Management, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resource, Iran.Journal Article20201024In this research, given the condition of the Hable-rud River in a reach placed downstream of Bone-Kuh Village in Semnan Province, probability of flood occurrence and consequent damages, and also the exposure of various valuable elements of the floodplain to floods, using the CCHE2D numerical model, the flood hazard map was created for the 100-year return period as the base-flood. This research aims to map the base-flood zone and to identify the areas exposed to the flood in line with flood risk management. For this purpose, the required data for modeling, such as a large-scale topography map were prepared and flow characteristics (velocity and depth) were measured in the study area. Consequently, the computational grid has been assigned. To achieve the best simulation, the model calibration was performed by choosing the superior network and by changing the roughness coefficient. To evaluate the simulation, the model estimations were compared with the measured values for velocity and flow depth in three sections along the reach. For flow velocity, the model error was estimated to be 0.084 and 7.41% considering the RMSE and the MAE criteria, respectively. Given the flood hazard map created for the return period of 100-year, it is predicted that the area which is covered by orchards, croplands, and rangelands will be inundated with the base flood. Also, the analysis shows that about 18% of the study area is located in the moderate to high flood risk classes. Providing the findings of this research to the local communities in the form of the map illustrating the position of various land uses on the 100-year return period flood zone can be very effective in enhancing awareness and flood risk perception of them.In this research, given the condition of the Hable-rud River in a reach placed downstream of Bone-Kuh Village in Semnan Province, probability of flood occurrence and consequent damages, and also the exposure of various valuable elements of the floodplain to floods, using the CCHE2D numerical model, the flood hazard map was created for the 100-year return period as the base-flood. This research aims to map the base-flood zone and to identify the areas exposed to the flood in line with flood risk management. For this purpose, the required data for modeling, such as a large-scale topography map were prepared and flow characteristics (velocity and depth) were measured in the study area. Consequently, the computational grid has been assigned. To achieve the best simulation, the model calibration was performed by choosing the superior network and by changing the roughness coefficient. To evaluate the simulation, the model estimations were compared with the measured values for velocity and flow depth in three sections along the reach. For flow velocity, the model error was estimated to be 0.084 and 7.41% considering the RMSE and the MAE criteria, respectively. Given the flood hazard map created for the return period of 100-year, it is predicted that the area which is covered by orchards, croplands, and rangelands will be inundated with the base flood. Also, the analysis shows that about 18% of the study area is located in the moderate to high flood risk classes. Providing the findings of this research to the local communities in the form of the map illustrating the position of various land uses on the 100-year return period flood zone can be very effective in enhancing awareness and flood risk perception of them.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6391_3ea8d34a0625a4551658bd37ab9fb574.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522The crisis of ecological resilience and its consequences on the erosion of place attachment, case study: 15 to 19-year-old people of Zabol cityThe crisis of ecological resilience and its consequences on the erosion of place attachment, case study: 15 to 19-year-old people of Zabol city153172615510.22111/jneh.2021.36147.1720FAAmirHamzeheShahbaziAssistant professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, IranAlirezaShahbaziAssistant Professor of Geohydrology, University of Zabol, Iran.ZainabSargaziMasters of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, IranHamidrezaRakhshaninasabAssistant professor of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, IranJournal Article20201030Zabol is a spatial node of the Sistan area, has been faced with two Phenomena (drought and dust) which greatly reduced life satisfaction and has caused a crisis of ecological resilience. Because the relationship between humans and the environment has been out of balance, tolerance, and adaptation, and the new phenomenon of "erosion of space attachment" has been occurred. This research is applied, descriptive-analytical, survey, with two-stage random sampling. The target population is 15 to19 years old people in Zabol, (432 units); Analysis models include Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Sign test, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman, Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Phi, and U Mann-Whitney. Based on 40 years analysis (1966-2005), "maximum average wind speed" with 10.8 knots and the highest frequency of storms with 68% of days with dust above the standard (the year 2010) belongs to Zabol, Therefore, it has increased referrals, hospitalization, and mortality due to respiratory disease. Based on the findings, 64% of young people consider the dust condition of the last 22 years, "bad to terrible". Also, 62% of women and 43% of men consider their comfort and quality of life "bad to terrible". Moreover, 68% of the respondents said that the satisfaction of the family children for living in Zabol is "little to nothing". 44% of respondents have no hope for the future of Helmand River and Hamoon Lake. The significance of these findings was confirmed with an error level of 0.000. The crisis of ecological resilience has led to the "erosion of place attachment" and the negative consequences of socio-psychological damage, Reducing the positive feeling to the place, Reducing the close relationship or investment, reduce the motivation and responsibility to improve the condition of the city, reduce the willingness to participate, monitor and especially reduce the sacrifice for the development of the neighborhood, city, and area.Zabol is a spatial node of the Sistan area, has been faced with two Phenomena (drought and dust) which greatly reduced life satisfaction and has caused a crisis of ecological resilience. Because the relationship between humans and the environment has been out of balance, tolerance, and adaptation, and the new phenomenon of "erosion of space attachment" has been occurred. This research is applied, descriptive-analytical, survey, with two-stage random sampling. The target population is 15 to19 years old people in Zabol, (432 units); Analysis models include Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Sign test, Kruskal Wallis, Spearman, Cross-tabulation, Cramer's V, Phi, and U Mann-Whitney. Based on 40 years analysis (1966-2005), "maximum average wind speed" with 10.8 knots and the highest frequency of storms with 68% of days with dust above the standard (the year 2010) belongs to Zabol, Therefore, it has increased referrals, hospitalization, and mortality due to respiratory disease. Based on the findings, 64% of young people consider the dust condition of the last 22 years, "bad to terrible". Also, 62% of women and 43% of men consider their comfort and quality of life "bad to terrible". Moreover, 68% of the respondents said that the satisfaction of the family children for living in Zabol is "little to nothing". 44% of respondents have no hope for the future of Helmand River and Hamoon Lake. The significance of these findings was confirmed with an error level of 0.000. The crisis of ecological resilience has led to the "erosion of place attachment" and the negative consequences of socio-psychological damage, Reducing the positive feeling to the place, Reducing the close relationship or investment, reduce the motivation and responsibility to improve the condition of the city, reduce the willingness to participate, monitor and especially reduce the sacrifice for the development of the neighborhood, city, and area.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6155_7bea345447a544b054d84131ca718cf4.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Presenting an integrated spatial-based model for flood hazard zoning, a case study: Maneh and Samalqan CountyPresenting an integrated spatial-based model for flood hazard zoning, a case study: Maneh and Samalqan County173192615610.22111/jneh.2021.36392.1724FAParhamPahlavaniAssistant Professor at School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of TehranMohamadHasanlooGIS M.Sc., School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of TehranBehnazBigdeliAssistant Professor at School of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of TechnologySeyed AhmadEslaminezhadGIS M.Sc., School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering, University of TehranJournal Article20201106Due to the increase in the occurrence of floods, especially in the cities, and the emergence of human, financial, and environmental risks due to its increase, the flood zoning areas are of great importance. Therefore, in this study, it was tried zoning the areas of floods with the help of determining effective criteria. The criteria used in this research include Modified Fournier Index, Topographic Position Index, Curve Number, Flow Accumulation, Slope, Digital elevation model, Topographic Wetness Index, Vertical Overland Flow Distance, Horizontal Overland Flow Distance, and Normalized difference vegetation index. The novelty of this study is to present a new combination approach to determine the effective criteria in flood hazard zoning (Maneh and Samalqan County). In this regard, the combination of geographically weighted regression (Gaussian and tri-cube kernels) and binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was used. The recommended combination method is suitable for spatial regression problems because it is compatible with two unique properties of spatial data, i.e. spatial autocorrelation and spatial non-stationarity. The best value of the fitness function (1-R<sup>2</sup>) for Gaussian and tri-cube kernels were obtained 0.0745 and 0.0022, respectively, which indicates higher compatibility of the tri-cube kernel than the Gaussian kernel. It was also found that the criteria used have a significant effect on the rate of flooding in the study area.Due to the increase in the occurrence of floods, especially in the cities, and the emergence of human, financial, and environmental risks due to its increase, the flood zoning areas are of great importance. Therefore, in this study, it was tried zoning the areas of floods with the help of determining effective criteria. The criteria used in this research include Modified Fournier Index, Topographic Position Index, Curve Number, Flow Accumulation, Slope, Digital elevation model, Topographic Wetness Index, Vertical Overland Flow Distance, Horizontal Overland Flow Distance, and Normalized difference vegetation index. The novelty of this study is to present a new combination approach to determine the effective criteria in flood hazard zoning (Maneh and Samalqan County). In this regard, the combination of geographically weighted regression (Gaussian and tri-cube kernels) and binary particle swarm optimization algorithm was used. The recommended combination method is suitable for spatial regression problems because it is compatible with two unique properties of spatial data, i.e. spatial autocorrelation and spatial non-stationarity. The best value of the fitness function (1-R<sup>2</sup>) for Gaussian and tri-cube kernels were obtained 0.0745 and 0.0022, respectively, which indicates higher compatibility of the tri-cube kernel than the Gaussian kernel. It was also found that the criteria used have a significant effect on the rate of flooding in the study area.https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6156_26fd2e338ed1d10bf7ab38917816a530.pdfUniversity of Sistan and BaluchestanJournal of Natural Environmental Hazards2676-4377113120220522Investigating the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and ZahedanInvestigating the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and Zahedan193206667310.22111/jneh.2022.39174.1827FAMohsenNooriPhD Student, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IranSalimFarzanehAssistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IranAlirezaShahriariAssocaite lanscape Design Engineering Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, IranSeyed RaoufSeyed SharifiProfessor, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IranJournal Article20210708Nowadays, following the development of agriculture, there are concerns about adverse environmental consequences such as water, soil, air pollution, reduced fertility, soil erosion, and depletion of resources based on the use of non-renewable inputs that need to be addressed. It's about. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and Zahedan during the 2019-2020 crop year. In this study, the fuel consumption of diesel, water, vermicompost fertilizer, use of nitrogen fertilizer nano-chelate, phosphorus nano-chelate and potassium nano-chelate, and complete use of chemical fertilizer (from urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate) as inputs were considered prone to environmental damage. In general, for the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em>, Gorgan city creates less environmental burdens than Zahedan city due to less consumption of inputs in all sectors. Based on the results of the final index, it can be concluded that among the impact groups, the impact group of global warming with a value of 5.819 kg (kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) in Zahedan city and 5.814 kg (kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) in Gorgan city in the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em> has more potential for environmental damage than other impacts, then the impact group of fossil resources depletion at the rate of 4.489 MJ / kg (kg equivalent to crude oil) in both Zahedan and Gorgan has the potential Environmental damage. Based on the evaluation results of the environmental index (Eco-X) and resource depletion index (RDI) for the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em>, Zahedan city has a higher environmental index (Eco-X = 5.819) than Gorgan city (Eco-X = 814.5) showed and created more environmental burdens. However, the resource depletion index (RDI), considering the 100-year target time interval, which means the time when the resource is expected to be available, is for Zahedan city (RDI = 7.677) and Gorgan city was calculated at the rate of (RDI = 5.945).Nowadays, following the development of agriculture, there are concerns about adverse environmental consequences such as water, soil, air pollution, reduced fertility, soil erosion, and depletion of resources based on the use of non-renewable inputs that need to be addressed. It's about. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of input consumption on land depletion and the potential for damage to environmental pollutants in the climatic conditions of Gorgan and Zahedan during the 2019-2020 crop year. In this study, the fuel consumption of diesel, water, vermicompost fertilizer, use of nitrogen fertilizer nano-chelate, phosphorus nano-chelate and potassium nano-chelate, and complete use of chemical fertilizer (from urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate) as inputs were considered prone to environmental damage. In general, for the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em>, Gorgan city creates less environmental burdens than Zahedan city due to less consumption of inputs in all sectors. Based on the results of the final index, it can be concluded that among the impact groups, the impact group of global warming with a value of 5.819 kg (kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) in Zahedan city and 5.814 kg (kg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) in Gorgan city in the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em> has more potential for environmental damage than other impacts, then the impact group of fossil resources depletion at the rate of 4.489 MJ / kg (kg equivalent to crude oil) in both Zahedan and Gorgan has the potential Environmental damage. Based on the evaluation results of the environmental index (Eco-X) and resource depletion index (RDI) for the production of one ton of <em>portulaca oleracea</em>, Zahedan city has a higher environmental index (Eco-X = 5.819) than Gorgan city (Eco-X = 814.5) showed and created more environmental burdens. However, the resource depletion index (RDI), considering the 100-year target time interval, which means the time when the resource is expected to be available, is for Zahedan city (RDI = 7.677) and Gorgan city was calculated at the rate of (RDI = 5.945).https://jneh.usb.ac.ir/article_6673_23e38047dae79bba0d66b7036c6abdfc.pdf