Prioritizing Environmental Hazards of Mangrove Forests in Hormozgan Province

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Ph.D student of Land Use Planning, Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.

2 Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.

4 Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran.

5 Assistant Prof., Research Division of Natural Resources, Hormozgan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Bandarabbas, Iran.

Abstract

Mangrove forests are always exposed to damages caused by various natural and anthropogenic hazards, so planning is necessary to provide appropriate tools to prevent or reduce the effects of these hazards. Therefore, in this study, natural and anthropogenic hazards to mangrove forests in Hormozgan province have been conducted with the aim of identifying and introducing them to management sections in order to reduce risk and prevention of risk factors. The initial list of threats was identified by reviewing internal and external sources and interviews with experts in the area and 34 threat factors were identified. Based on the identified threats, a questionnaire was prepared and its qualitative and quantitative validities were determined. According to relative validity method, 8 criteria (Lopping, reduction of basin environmental water right, oil leakage from vessels, development of ports and offshore structures, coastal erosion, grazing the wandering camels, Changes in precipitation pattern and water salinity pattern) had the least validity. The final list of threats was determined by Delphi method and the weighting of each was done by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Prioritization of threats showed that lopping, oil leakage from vessels and coastal erosion are the most important threats to mangrove forests in Hormozgan Province.

Keywords


References (in Persian)
Cheraghi, M., Safahieh, A., Dadolahi Sohrab, A., Ghanemi, K., & Doragh A M I., (2014),  Concentration of heavy metals in Avicennia marinaand sediments in Dayyer port , Wetland Ecobiology. Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 45-55. [In Persian]
Cheraghi, M., Safahieh, A., Dadolahi Sohrab, A., Ghanemi, K., & Doragh A M I., (2013),  Determination of Heavy Metals Concentrations in the Mangroves (Avicennia marina) and Sediments of Imam Khomeini Port, Joirnal of Oceanography, Vol. 4, No. 14, pp. 19-25. [In Persian]
Danehkar, A., (2005), Integrated Coastal Zone management, the past way and vision of future, Bandar-o-Darya, Vol. 126-127. [In Persian]
Danehkar, A., Mahmoudi, B., Saeed Sabaee, M., Ghadirian, T., Asadollahi, Z., Sharifi, N., & Petrosian, H., (2012), National Documentation of Sustainable Management Program of Iran's Mangrove Forests. Forests Range and Watershed Management Organization. Dry land Forestry Center Administration. Consulting engineers of Sustainability of nature and resources. 624 p. [In Persian]
Danehkar, A., Yaghoubzadeh, M., (2017), Propose new methods for determining the correct preferences through prioritization in the hierarchical analysis process, Environmental management, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 9-18. [In Persian]
Dashtban, M., SanaeiFar, H.R., (2017), Investigating the socio-economic situation of the coastal area of Hormozgan province, Exploration plan for integrated coastal zone management, Port & Maritime organization, 198 p. [In Persian]
Davari, A., Danehkar, A., Khorasani, N., & Javanshir, A., (2012), Identification of Heavy Metals Contamination at Bushehr Mangroves, Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 27-36. [In Persian]
Dehghanipour, M., Mashayekhizadeh, A., Investigating the current situation and threats to the largest mangrove forest reserve in Iran, (Third National Conference of Student Scientific Associations of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, 2015), [https://www.civilica.com]. [In Persian]
Erfani, M., Nouri, G. R., Danehkar, A., Marvi, M. M., & Mahmoudi, B. A. (2010). Vegetative parameters of mangrove forest on the Govater bay in southeast of Iran.‏ Journal of Taxonomy and Biosistematics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-46 . [In Persian]
Etemadi H., (2014), Assessment and Predicting Climate Change Influence on Iran Mangrove Forests:  A case study within the Jask mangrove protected area. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Faculty of Natural Resources Tarbiat Modarres University, Iran. 156p. [In Persian]
Etemadi, H., Sharifikia, M., Samadi, Z., Esmaeili Sari, A., & Danehkar, A., (2016), Simulation of the Future Climatic Changes in Jask Area and Its Impact on Hara Forests, Geography and Development Iranian Journal, Vol. 13, No, 41, pp. 87-104. [In Persian]
Haddadinia, S., Danehkar, A., (2011), Prioritization of Ecotourism Criteria in Desert and Semi-arid Ecosystems by Delphi Method, Geography and Territorial Spatial Arrangement, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 17-30. [In Persian]
Hajizadeh, E., Asghari, M., (2018), Statistical Methods and Analyses In Health and Biosciences (A research Methodological Approach Using SPSS Practical guide), Jahad Daneshgahi, 536p. [In Persian]
Hosseinzadeh Monfared, S., Tohidianfar, Y., Ahmadnia Motlagh, H., & Ahmadi, M.T., (2008), Mangrove forests; Its distribution, importance and threats in Iran, The first regional conference of Iran's water ecosystems (Bushehr Islamic Azad University, 2008), [https://www.civilica.com]. [In Persian]
Mafi-Gholami, D., & Ward, R., (2019). Assessment of the probability of occurrence of multiple Environmental hazards in mangrove habitats using remote sensing and geographic information system. Journal of Environmental Studies, 44(3), 425-443.‏ [In Persian]
Mafi-Gholami, D., (2016), Assessing the vulnerability of Mangrove forests to their sustainable management (Case study: Hormozgan province). Ph. D. thesis (Department of Forestry and Forest Economics), College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. [In Persian]
Mafi-Gholami, D., Feghhi, J., Danehkar, A., (2016), Application of Delphi method and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) for prioritizing the negative factors afecting on Mangrove forests (Case Study: Mangrove forests of Hormozgan province, Iran). Wetland Ecobiology. 8 (1) :85-100. [In Persian]
Moradi, H., Razavi, Z., Heydari Khosro, A., & Mahboobi Soofiani, N., (2014), Effects of Sediment Characteristics on the Accumulation and Transfer Rate of Heavy Metals in Mangrove Trees (Case Study: Nayband Bay and Qeshm Island). Iranian Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp. 79-90. [In Persian]
Moslehi, M., (2018), Ecological Value of Endangered Mangrove Ecosystems, Human & Environment, Vol. 16, No. 46, pp. 148-168. [In Persian]
Petrosians H, Danehkar A, Ashrafi S., & feghhi, J., (2013), Application of Delphi method in prioritizing criteria for selecting suitable areas for development of mangrove forests, Environment and Development Journal, Vol. 4, No. 7, pp, 37-48. [In Persian]
Petrosians, H., A., Ashrafi, S., Danehkar, & feghhi, J., (2014), Using Logistic Regression in Identification Climatology Factors Influencing the Distribution of Hormozgan Province Avicennia Marina Forests, Journal of Natural Environment, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 135-144. [In Persian]
Petrosians, H., Danehkar, A., & Ali Mahmoudi Sarab, S., (2014), Using a Fuzzy AHP approach to identify the affective parameters on development of Mangroves (A case study: Avicennia marina stands of Hormozgan Province), Forest and Poplar Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 163-174. [In Persian]
 Petrosians, H., Danehkar, A., Ashrafi, S., & feghhi, J., (2013), Study of effective climatology indices on attending Avicennia marina forest in coastline of Hormozgan provinc, Wetland Ecobiology, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 5-16. [In Persian]
Petrosians, H., Danehkar, A., Ashrafi, S., & Poyamehr, A., (2017), Study the Sea Factors Influencing the Distribution of Avicennia Marina Jungles Using Logistic Regression Studied sample: Hormozgan province, Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 18-28. [In Persian]
Safari, B., Asadi, R., & Rezaee, A., (2017), Socio-cultural structure of the coastal area of Hormozgan province, Exploration plan for integrated coastal zone management, Port & Maritime organization, 215 p. [In Persian]
Safiari, S., (2017), Mangrove forest in Iran., Iran nature, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 49-57. [In Persian]
ValipourKahrood, H., Korori, A.A., Danehkar, A., & Shirvani, A., (2007), Changes in Peroxidase Isozymes in Mangrove Species (Avicennia marina) After Exposure to Heavy Metals and Oil Pollutants, Iranian Biology, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 257-268. [In Persian]
 
References (in English)
Ahmed, A., (2011), Some of the major environmental problems relating to land use changes in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: A review, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 1-8.
Akram, A., Alfarhan, A., Robinson, E.,  & Aldjain, I., (2008), Pattern of survival and mortality of mangrove populations grown at Al-Jubail area (Saudi Arabia) of the Persian Gulf, American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 610-616.
Alongi, D. M., (2008), Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change, Estuarine, coastal and shelf science, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
Blasco, F., Aizpuru, M., Gers, C., (2001), Depletion of the mangroves of Continental Asia, Wetland Ecology and Management, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 245-256. 
Buitre, M. J. C., Zhang, H., & Lin, H., (2019), The Mangrove Forests Change and Impacts from
Tropical Cyclones in the Philippines Using Time Series Satellite Imagery, Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 688.
Dahdouh, G. F., (2006), Mangrove Forests and Tsunami Protection. McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, USA: 187-191.
Danehkar, A., (2001), Mangroves forests zonation in Gaz and Harra international wetlands, The Environment Scientific Quarterly Journal, 34: 43-49.
Ellison, J. C., (2015), Vulnerability assessment of mangroves to climate change and sea-level rise impacts. Wetlands Ecology and Management, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 115-137.
Eslami-Andargoli, L., Dale, P. E. R., Sipe, N., & Chaseling, J., (2009). Mangrove expansion and rainfall patterns in Moreton Bay, southeast Queensland, Australia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 85, No. 2, pp. 292-298.
Etemadi, H., Smoak, J. M., & Karami, J. (2018). Land use change assessment in coastal mangrove forests of Iran utilizing satellite imagery and CA–Markov algorithms to monitor and predict future change. Environmental earth sciences, 77(5), 208.‏
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), (2007), The world’s mangroves 1980–2005. FAO Forestry Paper 153. FAO, Rome.
Gabler, C. A., Osland, M. J., Grace, J. B., Stagg, C. L., Day, R. H., Hartley, S. B., ... & McLeod, J. L. (2017), Macroclimatic change expected to transform coastal wetland ecosystems this century. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 142-147
Ghosh, S., Bakshi, M., Bhattacharyya, S., Nath, B., Chaudhuri, P., (2015), A Review of Threats and Vulnerabilities to Mangrove Habitats: With Special Emphasis on East Coast of India, J Earth Sci Clim Change, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 19.
Gilman, E. L., Ellison, J., Duke, N. C., Field, C., (2008), Threats to mangroves from climate change
and adaptation options, Aquatic Botany, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 237-250.
Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., Masek, J., & Duke, N., (2011), Status and Distribution of Mangrove Forests of the World Using Earth Observation Satellite Data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 154–159.
Gonzalez-Mendoza, D., Gold-Bouchot, G. & Escobedo-Graci, R.M., (2007), Coordinated responses of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes in black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, exposed to cadmium and copper, Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 306-314.
Hoberg,. J., (2011), Economic Analysis of Mangrove Forests: A case study in Gazi Bay, Keny. UNEP.50p
Huxham, M., Dencer-Brown, A., Diele, K., Kathiresan, K., Nagelkerken, I. and Wanjiru, C., (2017), Mangroves and People: Local Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate. In Mangrove Ecosystems: A Global Biogeographic Perspective, (pp. 245-274).
Ikem, A. and Egiebor, N. O., (2005), Assessment of trace elements in canned fishes (mackerel, tuna, salmon, sardines and herrings) marketed in Georgia and Alabama (United States of America). Food Composition and Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 771-787.
Kamali, B., Hashim, R., (2011), Mangrove restoration without planting. Ecological Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 387-391.
Kara, Y., (2005), Bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn and Ni from the wastewater by treated Nasturtium officinale.International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 63-67.
Kathiresan, K., (2003), How do mangrove forests induce sedimentation?. Revista de Biologia. Tropical, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 355-360.
Liu, J.C, Yan, C.L, Macnair, M.R., (2008), Distribution and speciation of some metals in mangrove sediments from Jiulong River estuary, People’s Republic of China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, Vol. 76, pp. 815-822.
Mafi-Gholami, D., Mahmoudi, B., and Zenner, E. K., (2017), An analysis of the relationship between drought events and mangrove changes along the northern coasts of the Pe rsian Gulf and Oman Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 199, pp. 141 -151.
Mafi-Gholami, D., Zenner, E. K., Jaafari, A. and Ward, R.D., (2019), Modeling multi-decadal mangrove leaf area index in response to drought along the semi-arid southern coasts of Iran. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 656, pp. 1326-1336.
Mazda ,Y., E. Wolanski and P.V. Ridd., (2007), The Role of Physical Processes in Mangrove Environments: Manual for the Preservation and Utilization of Mangrove Ecosystems, Terrapub, Tokyo, 598 pp
Mohammad, A. Z., Ruhani, F., & Soraya, M., (2010), An overview of Iranian mangrove ecosystem, northern part of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 411-417.‏
Mumby, P. J., Edwards, A. J., Arias-González, J. E., Lindeman, K. C., Blackwell, P. G., Gall, A., ... & Wabnitz, C. C., (2004), Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean, Nature, Vol. 427, No. 6974, pp. 533-536.
Nagelkerken, I. S. J. M., Blaber, S. J. M., Bouillon, S., Green, P., Haywood, M., Kirton, L. G., ... & Somerfield, P. J., (2008), The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: a review. Aquatic botany, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 155-185.
Naidoo, G., Y. Naidoo and P. Achar, (2010), Responses of the mangroves Avicenia marina and Bruguieragy mnorrhiza to oil contamination, Flora Journal, Vol. 205, No. 5, pp. 357-362.
Nazim, K., Ahmed,M., Uzair-khan, M., Khan, N., Wahab, M., & Faheem,M., (2010), An assessment of the use of Avicenia marina, to reclaim water logged and saline agricultural land, Pakistan Journal Botany, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 2423-2428.
Osland, M. J., Enwright, N. M., Day, R. H., Gabler, C. A., Stagg, C. L., & Grace, J. B., (2016), Beyond just sea‐level rise: Considering macroclimatic drivers within coastal wetland vulnerability assessments to climate change. Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
Osland, M. J., Feher, L. C., Griffith, K. T., Cavanaugh, K. C., Enwright, N. M., Day, R. H., ... & Rogers, K., (2017), Climatic controls on the global distribution, abundance, and species richness of mangrove forests. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 341-359.
Polidoro, B. A., Carpenter, K. E., Collins, L., Duke, N. C., Ellison, A. M., Ellison, J. C., ... & Livingstone, S. R., (2010), The loss of species: mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PloS one, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 1-10.‏
Region, C., Dow, E.J., (2008), The Effect of Land Use/Land Cover on Mangrove Forest in the Northeastern Panama.
Rodringuez, W and Feller, I.C., (2004), Mangrove landscape characterization and change in Twin Cays,belize using aerial photography and IKONOS satellite data. Atoll research Bulletin, 513. National Museum of National History .U.S.A.
Safiari, S., Nasouri, M., (2008). Development mangrove forest. Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization. 498 p.
Saifullah, S., Gul, S., & Rasool, F., (2004). Anomalous aerial roots in grey mangroves of an arid. Pakistan Botany, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 463-466.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Averyt, K., Marquis, M., & Tignor, M. M. (Eds.), (2007), Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Vol. 4). Cambridge university press.
Spalding, M. D., Kainuma, M., Collins, L., (2010). World atlas of mangroves. 319 pp
Szalinska, E., Ken, G. Drouillard, Fryer, B. and Douglas Haffner, G., (2006), Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Detroit River. Journal of Great Lake Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 442-454.
Van Lavieren, H., Spalding, M., Alongi, D. M., Kainuma, M., Clüsener-Godt, M. and Adeel, Z., (2012), Securing the future of mangroves. A Policy Brief. UNU-INWEH, UNESCO-MAB with ISME, ITTO, FAO, UNEP-WCMC and TNC. 53 pp.
Walters, B.B., Rönnbäck, P., Kovacs, J.M., Crona, B., Hussain, S.A., Badola, R., Primavera, J.H., Barbier, E., & DahdouhGuebas, F., (2008), Ethnobiology, socio-economics and management of mangrove forests: a review. Aquatic Botany, Vol. 89, No. 2, pp. 220-236.
Wang, B.S., Liao, B.W., Wang, Y.J., (2002), Mangrove Forest Ecosystem and Its Sustainable Development in Shenzhen Bay. China: Science Press (in Chinese) Beijing, China.
Wang’ondu, V. W., Kairo, J. G., Kinyamario, J. I., Mwaura, F. B., Bosire, J. O., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., & Koedam, N., (2010), Phenology of Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. in a disjunctly-zoned mangrove stand in Kenya, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 135-144.‏
Wells, S., Ravilous, C., Corcoran, E., (2006), Shoreline protection and other ecosystem services from mangroves and coral reefs. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK, 33 pp.
Wolf,, M. B., (2012), Ecosystem of the Mangroves, NRES 323 – International Resource Management, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 25p.
Zhou, Y. W., Zhao, B., Peng, Y. S. and Chen, G. Z., (2010), Influence of mangrove reforestation on heavy metal accumulation and speciation in intertidal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 60, No. 8, pp. 1319-1324.
  • Receive Date: 18 June 2020
  • Revise Date: 12 July 2020
  • Accept Date: 05 October 2020
  • First Publish Date: 05 October 2020
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2021