Analysis of the trend of long-term changes in the tropopause height on the Iranian atmosphere in the transition seasons

Asakereh, Hossein; Darand, Mohammad; Zandkarimi, Soma

doi:10.22111/jneh.2021.36174.1715

Analysis of the trend of long-term changes in the tropopause height on the Iranian atmosphere in the transition seasons

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

¹ Professor of Climatology, University of Zanjan, Iran.

² Professor of Climatology, University of Kurdistan, Iran. Board Member of Department of Zrebar Lake Environmental Research, Kurdistan Studies Institute, University of Kurdistan, Iran.

³ Phd Candidate of Climatology (Climate Change), University of Zanjan, Iran.

10.22111/jneh.2021.36174.1715

Abstract

In this study, the trend of tropopause changes in the Iranian atmosphere in the spring and autumn months was analyzed using ECMWF database data from 1979 to 2018. The results of studying the trend of tropopause changes in spring and autumn showed that in large parts of the country the observed trend was without statistical significance and only in March in parts of the west and northwest of the country and in September in the Zagros Mountains was positive and statistically significant. The results of studying the temperature trend of two levels around the tropopause also showed that in all months of spring and the first two months of autumn, except for very limited areas of the country, the observed trend is without statistical significance. The two-level temperature trend around the tropopause in November was significantly different from other months under the study; this month, large parts of the country were statistically significant in the two levels around the tropopause. Examination of the temperature difference trend of the two levels around the tropopause also showed that in areas with a significant trend, the trend of the difference between the two levels of high and low tropopause was negative. Analysis of Variance, Skewness and Kurtosis Tropopause trends also showed that in the three months of spring in most areas the observed trend is not statistically significant, but in autumn (especially September) in some parts of the country, the observed trend is significant. According to the results, it can be said that during the last forty years, the effect of climate change on the tropopause layer on the Iranian atmosphere in spring and autumn has been very small and changes in spring have been much more limited than in autumn.

Keywords

20.1001.1.26764377.1401.11.32.1.0

Main Subjects

Climatology

References

References (in Persian)

Asakereh, H. (2011). Fundamentals of statistical climatology. University of Zanjan Press, Zanjan. [In Persian]

Asakereh, H. (2017). Fundamentals of Research in Climatology. University of Zanjan Press, Zanjan. [In Persian]

Karimi, H.; Tabatabayan, A.; Shafi, H. and Shokrallahi, M. (2005). Investigation of ozone fluctuations with tropopause changes (Verdeist) over Isfahan, 12th Conference Geophysics, Tehran: Geology organization. https://civilica.com/doc/472/.[In Persian]

keikhosravi, G. (2015). Synoptic analysis - the statistical height of the tropopause layer as a profile of climate change in Khorasan Razavi. Journal of Applied Climatology, 2(2), 33-48. https://civilica.com/doc/151315./ [In Persian]

Sharifi, M. and Sam Khaniani, A. (2011). Using GPS Radio Occultation Technique in Investigating Climate Change, Geomatics Conference 90, Tehran: Country Mapping Organization. https://civilica.com/doc/151315./ [In Persian]

References (in English)

Añel, J. A., Gimeno, L., de La Torre, L., & Nieto, R. 2006. Changes in tropopause height for the Eurasian region determined from CARDS radiosonde data: Naturwissenschaften, 93(12), 603-609, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-006-0147-5.

Austin, J., & Reichler, T. J. (2008). Long‐term evolution of the cold point tropical tropopause: Simulation results and attribution analysis. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D7), https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007JD009768.

Emanuel, K., Solomon, S., Folini, D., Davis, S., & Cagnazzo, C. (2013). Influence of tropical tropopause layer cooling on Atlantic hurricane activity. Journal of Climate, 26(7), 2288-2301, https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/26/7/2288/33106.

Gettelman, A., Hoor, P., Pan, L. L., Randel, W., Hegglin, M. I., & Birner, T. 2011. The extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, 49(3), https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011RG000355.

Highwood, E. J., Hoskins, B. J., & Berrisford, P. (2000). Properties of the Arctic tropopause. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 126(565), 1515-1532, https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49712656515.

Klemp, J. B., & Lilly, D. R. (1975). The dynamics of wave-induced downslope winds. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 32(2), 320-339, https://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article/32/2/320/19080.

Kostopouloua, E., and Jonesa, P. D. (2007). Comprehensive analysis of the climate variability in the eastern Mediterranean. Part I: map-pattern classification. International Journal of Climatology 27: 1189–1214, https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/joc.1467.

Lionello, P., Trigo, I. F., Gil, V., Liberato, M. L., Nissen, K. M., Pinto, J. G., ... & Ulbrich, S. (2016). Objective climatology of cyclones in the Mediterranean region: a consensus view among methods with different system identification and tracking criteria. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 68(1), 29391, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/tellusa.v68.29391.

Randel, W. J., & Jensen, E. J. (2013). Physical processes in the tropical tropopause layer and their roles in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, 6(3), 169, https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1733.

Reichler, T., Dameris, M., & Sausen, R. (2003). Determining the tropopause height from gridded data. Geophysical research letters, 30(20), https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003GL018240.

Reid, G. C., & Gage, K. S. (1996). The tropical tropopause over the western Pacific: Wave driving, convection, and the annual cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 101(D16), 21233-21241, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/96JD01622.

Rimbu, N., Stefan, S., Busuioc, A., & Georgescu, F. (2016). Links between blocking circulation and precipitation extremes over Romania in summer. International Journal of Climatology, 36(1), 369-376, https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/joc.4353.

Romem, M. ; Ziv, B., and Saaroni, H. (2007). Scenarios in the development of Mediterranean cyclones. Advances in Geosciences 12: 59–65, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297020/.

Seager, R., Osborn, T. J., Kushnir, Y., Simpson, I. R., Nakamura, J., & Liu, H. (2019). Climate variability and change of Mediterranean-type climates. Journal of Climate, 32(10), 2887-2915, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00297020/ https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/32/10/2887/317.

Seidel, D. J., & Randel, W. J. 2006. Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D21), https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006JD007363.

Siler, N., & Durran, D. (2015). Assessing the impact of the tropopause on mountain waves and orographic precipitation using linear theory and numerical simulations. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(2), 803-820, https://journals.ametsoc.org/jas/article/72/2/803/27542.

Škerlak, B., Sprenger, M., & Wernli, H. 2014. A global climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange using the ERA-Interim data set from 1979 to 2011: Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 14(2), https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/handle/20.500.11850/80658.

Son, S. W., Polvani, L. M., Waugh, D. W., Birner, T., Akiyoshi, H., Garcia, R. R., ... & Rozanov, E. (2009). The impact of stratospheric ozone recovery on tropopause height trends. Journal of Climate, 22(2), 429-445, https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/article/22/2/429/31894.

Wang, W., Matthes, K., Schmidt, T., & Neef, L. (2013). Recent variability of the tropical tropopause inversion layer. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(23), 6308-6313, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2013GL058350.

Xian, T., & Homeyer, C. R. (2019). Global tropopause altitudes in radiosondes and reanalyses. Atmos. Chem. Phys, 19, 5661-5678, https://d-nb.info/11850719.