آلودگی و ریسک فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های آبیاری‌شده با پساب تصفیه‌شده: مطالعه موردی زابل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد آلودگی محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل ایران

2 دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

چکیده

کمبود آب در مناطق خشک موجب استفاده از پساب تصفیه‌شده در آبیاری شده است، اما تداوم آن می‌تواند منجر به تجمع فلزات سنگین خاک و تهدید سلامت انسان شود. این مطالعه، در منطقه زابل بر روی کیفیت پساب تصفیه‌خانه با به‌کارگیری شاخص کیفیت آب کانادایی (CWQI) به همراه ارزیابی جامع ریسک سلامت خاک انجام شده است. در این مطالعه، فاکتورهای کیفی و غلظت فلزات سنگین در فاضلاب ورودی و خروجی تصفیه‌خانۀ زابل اندازه‌گیری و قابلیت کاربری پساب با شاخص CWQI ارزیابی شد. همچنین غلظت فلزات سنگین در نمونه‌های خاک (عمق ۰ تا ۲۰ سانتی‌متری) تعیین و شاخص‌های CF، Igeo، PLI و نیز ADD و HQ برای ارزیابی ریسک سلامت محاسبه و لجن خشک نیز بررسی شد. نتایج CWQI نشان داد که کیفیت پساب خروجی در طبقۀ ضعیف قرار دارد و تنها برای مصارف تفریحی و با احتیاط برای آبیاری مناسب است. در خاک، فلز جیوه بیشترین مقدار CF (CF ≥6) را نشان داد، در حالی که سایر فلزات دارای CF کمتر از ۱ بودند. مقدار شاخص PLI برای تمامی عناصر صفر محاسبه شد. بر اساس شاخص Igeo، شدت آلودگی فلزات به ترتیب Hg<Co<Ni<Cr<Cu<Zn<V<Mn به دست آمد. ارزیابی ریسک سلامت انسانی نشان داد که مقادیر HQ برای تمامی فلزات کمتر از حد بحرانی بوده و اثرات نامطلوب آن‌ها در حداقل سطح قرار دارد. با این حال، غلظت فلزات سنگین در لجن خشک تصفیه‌خانه بالاتر از حدود استاندارد بود که می‌تواند در صورت مدیریت نادرست، منبع بالقوۀ آلودگی محسوب شود. به این ترتیب، این پژوهش با رویکرد نوین خود (CWQI و ارزیابی ریسک) گامی فراتر از اندازه‌گیری صرف غلظت فلزات برداشته است. در مجموع، استفاده از پساب تصفیه‌شده (به‌جزHg) خطر قابل‌توجهی برای خاک ندارد، اما در شرایط فعلی بیشتر برای مصارف غیرکشاورزی و درختکاری غیرمثمر توصیه می‌شود و بهبود فرآیندهای تصفیه برای تأمین آب ایمن‌تر در شرایط خشکسالی زابل ضروری است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Heavy metal contamination and risk in soils irrigated with treated wastewater: a case study of Zabol

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Sargolzaee 1
  • Fatemeh Einollahi Peer 2
  • Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz 2
  • Narjes Okati 2
1 Master's degree in Environmental Pollution, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
2 Associated Prof., Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Freshwater scarcity in arid and semi‑arid regions has led to the use of treated wastewater for irrigation. However, the continued practice may result in the accumulation of heavy metals in soil, thereby threatening human health and food security. This study is the first in the Zabol region to evaluate the quality of treated wastewater using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) combined with a comprehensive soil health risk assessment. In this study, the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations in the influent and effluent of the Zabol wastewater treatment plant were measured, and the suitability of the effluent was assessed using the CWQI. Additionally, heavy metal concentrations were determined in soil samples (0–20 cm depth), and the contamination factor (CF), geo‑accumulation index (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), as well as the average daily dose (ADD) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated for health risk assessment; dried sludge was also examined. The CWQI results indicated that the quality of the effluent fell into the poor category, making it suitable only for recreational uses and, with caution, for irrigation. In the soil, mercury showed the highest CF (CF ≥6), while all other metals had CF values below 1. The PLI was zero for all elements. According to the Igeo index, the contamination intensity followed the order: Hg < Co < Ni < Cr < Cu < Zn < V < Mn. Human health risk assessment revealed that HQ values for all metals were below the critical limit, indicating minimal adverse effects. Nevertheless, heavy metal concentrations in the dried sludge exceeded standard limits, representing a potential contamination source if mismanaged. Thus, with its novel approach (CWQI and risk assessment), this study goes beyond mere heavy metal concentration measurements. Overall, the use of treated wastewater (except for Hg) poses no significant risk to soil; however, under current conditions, non‑agricultural uses and non‑fruit‑bearing tree planting are recommended, and improving treatment processes is essential to provide safer water during drought periods in Zabol.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Heavy metals
  • Physicochemical parameters
  • Water quality index
  • Accumulation
  • Sludge
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